Everything about the Salian Dynasty totally explained
The
Salian dynasty was a
dynasty in the
High Middle Ages of four
German Kings (1024-1125), also known as the
Frankish dynasty after the family's origin and role as dukes of
Franconia. All of these kings were also crowned
Holy Roman Emperor (
1027-
1125), to which entity, the term
'Salic dynasty' also refers, as a separate term.
After the death of the last
Saxon of the
Ottonian Dynasty in
1024, first the elected crown of
'King of Germany' and then three years later the
elected position of Holy Roman Emperor both passed to the first monarch of the
Salian dynasty in the person of
Conrad II, the only son of
Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace, both territories in the Franconia of the
day. He was elected
King of Germany in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on 26 March 1027.
The four Salian kings of the dynasty — Conrad II,
Henry III,
Henry IV, and
Henry V — ruled the Holy Roman Empire from
1027 to
1125, and firmly established their monarchy as a major European power. Their main accomplishment was the development of a permanent administrative system based on a class of public officials answerable to the crown.
Origins
The ancestral dynasty was founded by Werner of
Worms and his son Duke
Conrad the Red of Lorraine, who died in
955. Conrad the Red was married to Luitgard, a daughter of
Emperor Otto I, their son was
Otto I, Duke of Carinthia (ruled 978-1004).
Duke Otto's sons were Bruno, who became
Pope Gregory V; Conrad; and
Henry, count of
Speyer. Henry, was the father of the first Salian Emperor
Conrad II.
Pope Leo IX was a relative of the dynasty as well, since his grandfather Hugo III was the brother of Adelheid, the grandmother of
Henry III.
Ruling in the Holy Roman Empire
A principal reason for the success of the early Salians was their alliance with the church, a policy begun by Otto I, which gave them the material support they needed to subdue rebellious dukes. In time, however, the church came to regret this close relationship. The relationship broke down in
1075 during what came to be known as the
Investiture Controversy (or
Investiture Dispute), a struggle in which the reformist pope,
Gregory VII, demanded that Henry IV renounce his rights over the German church. The pope also attacked the concept of monarchy by divine right and gained the support of significant elements of the German nobility interested in limiting imperial absolutism. More important, the pope forbade church officials under pain of excommunication to support Henry as they'd so freely done in the past. In the end, Henry journeyed to
Canossa in northern
Italy in
1077 to do penance and to receive absolution from the pope. However, he resumed the practice of lay investiture (appointment of religious officials by civil authorities) and arranged the election of an antipope.
The monarch's struggle with the papacy resulted in a war that ravaged through the Holy Roman Empire from 1077 until the
Concordat of Worms in
1122. This agreement stipulated that the pope was to appoint high church officials but gave the German king the right to veto the papal choices. Imperial control of Italy was lost for a time, and the imperial crown became dependent on the political support of competing aristocratic factions. Feudalism also became more widespread as freemen sought protection by swearing allegiance to a lord. These powerful local rulers, having thereby acquired extensive territories and large military retinues, took over administration within their territories and organized it around an increasing number of castles. The most powerful of these local rulers came to be called princes rather than dukes.
According to the laws of the feudal system of the Holy Roman Empire, the king had no claims on the vassals of the other princes, only on those living within his family's territory. Lacking the support of the formerly independent vassals and weakened by the increasing hostility of the church, the monarchy lost its preeminence. Thus, the Investiture Contest strengthened local power in the Holy Roman Empire in contrast to what was happening in France and England, where the growth of a centralized royal power was under way. The Investiture Contest had an additional effect. The long struggle between emperor and pope hurt the Holy Roman Empire's intellectual life, in this period largely confined to monasteries, and the empire no longer led or even kept pace with developments occurring in
France and Italy. For instance, no universities were founded in the Holy Roman Empire until the fourteenth century.
The first
Hohenstaufen king
Conrad III was a grandson of the Salian
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. (The heiress of Salian family territories were issue of
Agnes, Henry IV's daughter and Henry V's sister: her first marriage produced the royal and imperial
Hohenstaufen dynasty and her second marriage the ducal
Babenberg potentates of
Duchy of Austria which was elevated much due to such connections
Privilegium Minus.)
Salian Emperors
Their regnal dates as emperor are confused by the issue of election and subsequent
coronation.
Further Information
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